| Internet-Draft | Rate-Limit Policies Discovery | December 2024 |
| Boucadair, et al. | Expires 8 June 2025 | [Page] |
This document specifies mechanims for hosts to dynamically discover Network Rate-Limit Policies (NRLPs). This information is then passed to applications that might adjust their behaviors accordingly.¶
Networks already support mechanisms to advertize a set of network properties to hosts (e.g., link MTU (RFC 4861) and PREFIX64 (RFC 8781)). This document complements these tools and specifies a Neighbor Discovery option to be used in Router Advertisements (RAs) to communicate NRLPs to hosts. For address family parity, a new DHCP option is also defined. The document also discusses how Provisioning Domains (PvD) can be used to notify hosts with NRLPs.¶
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/boucadair/draft-xxx-ac-rate-policy-discovery.¶
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."¶
This Internet-Draft will expire on 8 June 2025.¶
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
To optimally deliver connectivity services via a network attachment, networks advertize a set of network properties [RFC9473] to connected hosts such as:¶
For example, the 3GPP [TS-23.501] specifies that "the link MTU size for IPv4 is sent to the UE by including it in the PCO (see TS 24.501). The link MTU size for IPv6 is sent to the UE by including it in the IPv6 Router Advertisement message (see RFC 4861)".¶
Section 2.10 of [RFC7066] indicates that a cellular host should honor the MTU option in the Router Advertisement (Section 4.6.4 of [RFC4861]) given that the 3GPP system architecture uses extensive tunneling in its packet core network below the 3GPP link, and this may lead to packet fragmentation issues.¶
MTU is cited as an example of path properties in Section 4 of [RFC9473].¶
This option is useful to enable local DNSSEC validation, support networks with no DNS64, support IPv4 address literals on an IPv6-only host, etc.¶
NAT is cited as an example of path properties (see "Service Function" bullet in Section 4 of [RFC9473]).¶
Traffic exchanged over a network may be subject to rate-limit policies for various operational reasons. [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob] specifies a generic object (called, Throughput Advice) that can be used by mechanims for hosts to dynamically discover these network rate-limit policies. This information can then passed to applications that might adjust their behaviors accordingly.¶
Given that all IPv6 hosts and networks are required to support Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861], this document specifies a Neighbor Discovery option to be used in Router Advertisements (RAs) to communicate rate-limit policies to hosts (Section 4). The main motivations for the use of ND for such a discovery are listed in Section 3 of [RFC8781]:¶
For address family parity, a DHCP option [RFC2132] is also defined for IPv4 in Section 5. Section 6 describes a discovery approach using Provisioning Domains (PvDs) [RFC8801].¶
These options are called: Network Rate-Limit Policy (NRLP).¶
Whether host-to-network, network-to-host, or both policies are returned in an NRLP is deployment specific. All these combinations are supported in this document. Also, the design supports returning one more NRLP instances for a given traffic direction.¶
Applications will have access to all available NRLPs and will, thus, adjust their behavior as a function of scope and traffic category indicated in a policy. Likewise, a host with multiple network attachments may use the discovered NRLPs to decide how to distribute its flows over these network attachments (prefer a network attachment to place an application session, migrate connection, etc.). That's said, this document does not make any recommendation about how a receiving host uses the discovered policies.¶
Networks that advertize NLRPs are likely to maintain the policing in place within the network because of the trust model (hosts are not considered as trusted devices). Per-subscriber rate-limit policies are generally recommended to protect nodes against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks (e.g., Section 9.3 of [RFC8803]). Discussion about conditions under which such a trust model can be relaxed is out of scope of this document.¶
To enhance flexibility in applying rate-limiting policies and better accommodate diverse endpoint performance requirements, mechanisms such as solicited Router Advertisements (RAs) [RFC8273] and endpoint-specific DHCP responses can be used. These unicast responses enable granular signaling of rate-limit policies to individual endpoints, facilitating differentiated rate-limit configurations. However, this document does not prescribe how resources should be partitioned within local networks, as such considerations fall outside its scope.¶
This document does not assume nor preclude that other mechanisms, e.g., Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) [RFC9330], are enabled in a bottleneck link. The reader may refer to I-D.brw-scone-manageability for a list of relevant mechanisms.¶
Refer to [NRLP-WIRE] for configuration examples to use NRLP.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
This document uses the terms defined in [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob].¶
The following common fields are present in all NRLP options:¶
The format of this 4-bit flags is shown in Figure 1. This field indicates the presence of some optional inforamtion in the option.¶
0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+ |U|U|P|E| +-+-+-+-+
See Section 5 of [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob] for the meaning of the P/E flags.¶
U are unassigned bits. These bits MUST be set to zero by senders and MUST be ignored by receivers.¶
The format of this 6-bit flags is shown in Figure 2. This field is used to express some generic properties of the flow.¶
0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+ |U|R|R|D|D|S| +-+-+-+-+-+-+
See Section 5 of [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob] for the meaning of the R/D/S flags.¶
U are unassigned bits. These bits MUST be set to zero by senders and MUST be ignored by receivers.¶
The following parameters are used:¶
This is a mandatory parameter.¶
This is a mandatory parameter.¶
See Section 5 of [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob]. This is an optional field.¶
See Section 5 of [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob]. This is an optional field.¶
See Section 5 of [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob]. This is an optional field.¶
See Section 5 of [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob]. This is an optional field.¶
The format of the IPv6 RA NRLP option, with only mandatory fields included, is illustrated in Figure 3.¶
MSB LSB 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | OPF | FF | TC | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Information Rate (CIR) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Burst Size (CBS) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The format of the IPv6 RA NRLP option, with optional fields included, is illustrated in Figure 3.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | OPF | FF | TC | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Information Rate (CIR) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Burst Size (CBS) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Excess Information Rate (EIR) (Optional) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Excess Burst Size (EBS) (Optional) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Peak Information Rate (PIR) (Optional) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Peak Burst Size (PBS) (Optional) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The fields of the option shown in Figure 4 are as follows:¶
8-bit identifier of the NRLP option as assigned by IANA (TBD1) (see Section 8.1).¶
8-bit unsigned integer. The length of the option (including the Type and Length fields) is in units of 8 octets.¶
Refer to Section 3 for the meaning of the other parameters.¶
The procedure for rate-limit configuration is the same as it is with any other Neighbor Discovery option [RFC4861].¶
The host MUST be prepared to receive multiple NRLP options in RAs; each with distinct scope and/or application group.¶
If the host receives multiple NRLP options with overlapping scope/TC, the host MUST silently discard all these options.¶
If the receiving host has LAN capabilities (e.g., mobile CE or mobile handset with tethering), the following behavior applies:¶
If an RA NRLP is advertised from the network, and absent local rate-limit policies, the device should send RAs to the downstream attached LAN devices with the same NRLP values received from the network.¶
If local rate-limit policies are provided to the device, the device may change the scope or values received from the network to accommodate these policies. The device may decide to not relay received RAs to internal nodes if local policies were already advertized using RAs and those policies are consistent with the network policies.¶
Applications running over a host can learn the bitrates associated with a network attachment by invoking a dedicated API. The exact details of the API is OS-specific and, thus, out of scope of this document.¶
Note that the base DHCP can only signal a rate policy change when the client first joins the network or renews its lease, whereas IPv6 ND can update the rate policy at the network's discretion. [RFC6704] specifies an approach for forcing reconfiguration of individual hosts without suffering from the limitations of the FORCERENEW design in [RFC3203].¶
The format of the DHCP NRLP option is illustrated in Figure 5.¶
0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | OPTION_V4_NRLP| Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ NRLP Instance Data #1 ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- . ... . | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ optional ~ NRLP Instance Data #n ~ | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ---
The fields of the option shown in Figure 5 are as follows:¶
OPTION_V4_NRLP (TBD2). (see Section 8.2).¶
Indicates the length of the enclosed data in octets.¶
Includes a network rate-limit policy. The format of this field with only mandatory parameters is shown in Figure 6.¶
When several NRLPs are to be included, the "NRLP Instance Data" field is repeated.¶
0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | NRLP Instance Data Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | OPF | FF | TC | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Information Rate | | (CIR) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Burst Size (CBS) | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The format of this field, with optional parameters included, is shown in Figure 6.¶
0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | NRLP Instance Data Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | OPF | FF | TC | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Information Rate | | (CIR) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Committed Burst Size (CBS) | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ --- | Excess Information Rate | | | (EIR) | O +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ P | Excess Burst Size (CBS) | T | | I +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ O | Peak Information Rate | N | (PIR) | A +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ L | Peak Burst Size (PBS) | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ---
The fields shown in Figure 7 are as follows:¶
Length of all following data in octets. This field is set to '8' when only the nominal bitrate is provided for an NLRP instance.¶
Refer to Section 3 for the meaning of the other parameters.¶
OPTION_V4_NRLP is a concatenation-requiring option. As such, the mechanism specified in [RFC3396] MUST be used if OPTION_V4_NRLP exceeds the maximum DHCP option size of 255 octets.¶
OPTION_V4_NRLP is permitted to be included in the RADIUS DHCPv4-Options Attribute [RFC9445].¶
To discover a network rate-limit policy, the DHCP client includes OPTION_V4_NRLP in a Parameter Request List option [RFC2132].¶
The DHCP client MUST be prepared to receive multiple "NRLP Instance Data" field entries in the OPTION_V4_NRLP option; each instance is to be treated as a separate network rate-limit policy.¶
PvD may also be used as a mechanism to discover NRLP. Typically, the network will configured to set the H-flag so clients can request PvD Additional Information (Section 4.1 of [RFC8801]).¶
Figure 8 provides an example of the returned "application/pvd+json" to indicate a network-to-host NRLP for all subscriber traffic. The NRLP list may include multiple instances if distinct policies are to be returned for distinct traffic categories.¶
{
"nrlp":[
{
"direction":0,
"scope":0,
"tc":0,
"cir":50,
"cbs":10000,
"ebs":20000
}
]
}
The techniques discussed in the document offer the following security benefit: An OS can identify the type of application (background, foreground, streaming, real-time, etc.) and enforce appropriate network policies, even if a misbehaving application tries to evade the rate-limit policies. If an application attempts to bypass rate-limiting by changing its 5-tuple or creating multiple flows, the OS can detect this and manage the application's traffic accordingly.¶
As discussed in [RFC8781], because RAs are required in all IPv6 configuration scenarios, RAs must already be secured, e.g., by deploying an RA-Guard [RFC6105]. Providing all configuration in RAs reduces the attack surface to be targeted by malicious attackers trying to provide hosts with invalid configuration, as compared to distributing the configuration through multiple different mechanisms that need to be secured independently.¶
RAs are already used in mobile networks to advertize the link MTU. The same security considerations for MTU discovery apply for the NRLP discover.¶
An attacker who has access to the RAs exchanged over an AC may:¶
This may lower the perceived QoS if the host aggressively lowers its transmission rate.¶
The AC will be overloaded, but still the rate-limit at the network will discard excess traffic.¶
This is similar to the current operations, where no NRLP RA is shared.¶
The implications are similar to the impacts of tweaking the values of a legitimate RA.¶
An attacker who has access to the DHCP exchanged over an AC may do a lot of harm (e.g., prevent access to the network).¶
The following mechanisms may be considered to mitigate spoofed or modified DHCP responses:¶
The network access node (e.g., a border router, a CPE, an Access Point (AP)) discards DHCP response messages received from any local endpoint.¶
The network access node filters packets with forged source IP addresses.¶
The above mechanisms would ensure that the endpoint receives the correct NRLP information, but these mechanisms cannot provide any information about the DHCP server or the entity hosting the DHCP server.¶
This document requests IANA to assign the following new IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option type in the "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats" sub-registry under the "Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) Parameters" registry maintained at [IANA-ND].¶
| Type | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| TBD1 | NRLP Option | This-Document |
Note to the RFC Editor: Please replace all "TBD1" occurrences with the assigned value.¶
This document requests IANA to assign the following new DHCP Option Code in the "BOOTP Vendor Extensions and DHCP Options" registry maintained at [IANA-BOOTP].¶
| Tag | Name | Data Length | Meaning | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TBD2 | OPTION_V4_NRLP | N | NRLP Option | This-Document |
Note to the RFC Editor: Please replace all "TBD2" occurrences with the assigned value.¶
This document requests IANA to add the following DHCP Option Code to the "DHCP Options Permitted in the RADIUS DHCPv4-Options Attribute" registry maintained at [IANA-BOOTP].¶
| Tag | Name | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| TBD2 | OPTION_V4_NRLP | This-Document |
IANA is requested to add the following entry to the "Additional Information PvD Keys" registry under the "Provisioning Domains (PvDs)" registry group [IANA-PVD]:¶
Example:¶
{
"nrlp":[
{
"scope":0,
"direction":0,
"tc":0,
"cir":50,
"cbs": 10000
}
]
}
¶
This-Document¶
IANA is requested to create a new registry "PvD Rate-Limit Policies (NRLPs)" registry, within the "Provisioning Domains (PvDs)" registry group.¶
The initial contents of this registry are provided in Table 4.¶
| JSON key | Description | Type | Example | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scope | Specifies whether the policy is per host (when set to "1") or per subscriber (when set to "0) | Boolean | 1 | This-Document |
| direction | Indicates the traffic direction to which a policy applies | integer | 1 | This-Document |
| reliability | Specifies whether the policy is for both reliable and unreliable traffic (when set to "0"), for reliable (when set to "1"), or for unreliable traffic (when set to "2") | integer | 1 | This-Document |
| tc | Specifies a traffic category to which this policy applies | Integer | 0 | This-Document |
| cir | Committed Information Rate (CIR) | Integer | 50 | This-Document |
| cbs | Committed Burst Size (CBS) | Integer | 10000 | This-Document |
| eir | Excess Information Rate (EIR) | Integer | 30 | This-Document |
| ebs | Excess Burst Size (EBS) | Integer | 5000 | This-Document |
| pir | Peak Information Rate (PIR) | Integer | 70 | This-Document |
| pbs | Peak Burst Size (PBS) | Integer | 20000 | This-Document |
Assignments must not be added directly to the "PvD Network Rate-Limit Policies (NRLPs)" registry. When a new attribute is added to the "SCONE Rate-Limit Policy Objects" Registry Group created by [I-D.brw-scone-throughput-advice-blob], a new JSON key is mirrored in the "PvD Network Rate-Limit Policies (NRLPs)" registry.¶
Figure 9 provides an example of the exchanges that might occur between a DHCP server and an Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server to retrieve the per-subscriber NRLPs.¶
This example assumes that the Network Access Server (NAS) embeds both Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) [RFC2865] client and DHCP server capabilities.¶
.-------------. .-------------. .-------.
| Host | | NAS | | AAA |
| DHCP Client | | DHCP Server | |Server |
| | |RADIUS Client| | |
'------+------' '------+------' '---+---'
| | |
o------DHCPDISCOVER------>| |
| o----Access-Request ---->|
| | |
| |<----Access-Accept------o
| | DHCPv4-Options |
|<-----DHCPOFFER----------o (OPTION_V4_NRLP) |
| (OPTION_V4_NRLP) | |
| | |
o-----DHCPREQUEST-------->| |
| (OPTION_V4_NRLP) | |
| | |
|<-------DHCPACK----------o |
| (OPTION_V4_NRLP) | |
| | |
DHCP RADIUS
Thanks to Tommy Pauly for the comment on PvD.¶