Appendix A - Country Data - Pakistan I. Country Profile Population - The Government of Pakistan (GOP) estimated that Pakistan's population was 124,450,000 on January 1, 1994, equating to a population density of 156 people per square kilometer. It further estimated that this population was 31.5 percent urban and 68.5 percent rural. This estimate does not include approximately 1,400,000 Afghan refugees living in Pakistan. The most recent official census was conducted in 1981 and reported a population of 84,250,000. At that time, 56.1 percent of the population lived in the Punjab, 22.6 percent in Sindh, 13.1 percent in the NWFP, 5.1 percent in Baluchistan, 2.6 percent in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and 0.6 percent in the Northern Areas and the federal capital of Islamabad. The decennial census scheduled for 1991 has been delayed several times and has become a contentious political issue because of its potential to alter representation and power balances. Although the current government has promised to hold a census before the end of calendar 1994, implementation procedures remain controversial and incomplete. Pakistan's largest cities, and their populations (according to the 1981 census) are: Karachi 5,208,132 Lahore 2,952,689 Faisalabad 1,104,209 Rawalpindi 794,843 Hyderabad 751,529 Multan 732,070 Gujranwala 600,993 Peshawar 566,248 Sialkot 302,009 Sargodha 291,362 Quetta 285,719 Islamabad 204,364 (Note: Because of high population growth rates and rural-to- urban migration, the present populations of these cities are considerably larger.) Population Growth Rate - The Government of Pakistan's 1993-94 Economic Survey estimates that Pakistan's current population growth rate is 3.0 percent annually, a slight decrease from the 3.2 percent average for the 1984-1989 period. However, the 13-year hiatus since the last census makes current estimates increasingly speculative. Nonetheless, estimates by development institutions, the GOP and independent observers tend to cluster around the 3.0 percent figure. At the current rate of growth, Pakistan's population would double in less than 25 years. Religions - Pakistan's raison d'etre was to be the homeland for Muslims living in British India. It is officially an "Islamic Republic", and 96.7 percent of Pakistanis were Muslim at the time of the 1981 census. The majority of Muslims are Sunni, but a minority, variously estimated at 15 to 25 percent, are Shia; Ismailis, an offshoot Shia group led by Prince Karim Aga Khan, are prominent in some northern areas. Shia-Sunni tensions have increased in recent years and there have been occasional clashes, particularly at the time of the Shia holy days of the 9th and 10th of the Islamic month of Muharram. The 3.3 percent non-Muslim minority consisted of Christians (1.6 percent of the total population), Hindus (1.5 percent), and smaller numbers of Ahmadis (a once-Muslim sect denounced as heretical by other Muslims and now declared non-Muslim by law), Parsees, Sikhs, Buddhists, and others. The largest concentration of Christians is in the northeastern Punjab; most of the Hindus live in eastern Sindh, in and around the Thar Desert. Government System - Pakistan is a democratic Islamic republic with a federal parliamentary system of government. The system of government is described in detail in Section IV (Political Environment), above. Languages - There are twenty or more spoken languages in Pakistan, most of them Indo-Aryan. The Constitution designates as the official language Urdu, which is not indigenous to the area and is the native language only of the mohajirs, immigrants who came from India at the time of Partition. Urdu developed in north-central India and is linguistically very close to Hindi. General Zia's government (1977-1988) sought to promote further the use of Urdu in education and government, but encountered resistance from ethnic groups wedded to their regional languages and from well-to-do parents seeking to educate their children in English to enhance their upward mobility. English is widely spoken among government officials and the middle and upper classes. Punjabi is the regional language with the greatest number of native speakers, followed by Sindhi, and Pushtu (also known variously as Pashtu, Pashto, and Pushto), which is spoken by tribal groups in the NWFP and parts of Baluchistan. Other regional languages are Baluch, Hindko (spoken in parts of the NWFP), Seraiki (spoken in the southern Punjab-Baluchistan border region), and a range of discrete languages spoken in the Northern Areas. Work Week - Until June 1994, Pakistan had a six-day work week extending from Saturday through Thursday. In June 1994, the GOP adopted a Sunday-through-Thursday work week as an energy conservation measure. That change has aroused significant criticism, as did a similar, short-lived effort to adopt a five-day work week in 1984. Friday is the Muslim holy day and stores and offices remain closed. U.S. government facilities in Pakistan continue to maintain a five-day, Sunday-through-Thursday work week. II. Domestic Economy Year 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 Population (in millions) 120.83 124.45 128.1 GDP (in current factor cost, in billions of $) 46.24 46.65 46.75 GDP Growth Rate (%) 2.28 3.96 6.90 GDP Per Capita ($) 382 374 365 Budgetary Expenditures as a % of GDP 25.7 24.0 23.4 Inflation (% increase in Consumer Price Index) 10.6 10.6 7.0 Unemployment (% of work force) 5.85 5.85 6.0 Foreign Exchange Reserves (in millions of US$, June 30) 604 2,100 2,500 Average Foreign Exchange Rate (rupees per US $) 25.96 30.0 32.0 Foreign Debt (in US $, June 30) (disbursed and outstanding debt, in billions of $) 19.044 20.269 External Debt Service Ratio 23.6 22.1 21.8 III. Foreign Trade PAKISTAN TRADE DATA (in millions of US $, unless otherwise noted) (1993-94 totals extrapolated from 8-month data) Category 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 Total Pakistan Exports 6904.0 6815.5 6474.0 Total Pakistan Imports 9251.6 9941.0 8322.9 Trade Balance -2347.5 -3125.5 -1848.9 Pakistan Exports to U.S. 970.8 937.7 950.0 Pakistan Imports from U.S 884.7 944.6 886.6 Pak/U.S. Trade Balance +86.1 +6.9 +63.4 US % Share of Pak Imports 9.6 9.5 10.7 Pakistan Imports of Agricultural Goods Total (From World) 1,135 1398 1126 1320 From United States 242 210 233 215 US % Share 21 15 21 16 Pakistan/US Trade Balance (209) (175) (198) (179) Pakistan Imports of Manufactured Goods Total (From World) 6,293 6,642 5,288 From United States 702 679 582 US % Share 11 10 11 Pakistan/US Trade Balance +269 +259 +368 Source: Government of Pakistan Finance Division Economic Advisors Wing and Ministry of Commerce International Trade Organizations Wing Pakistan Trade Balance with Leading Trade Partners, 1992-93 (in millions of US $) Country Exports Imports Balance 1. Japan 466.1 1579.4 (1113.3) 2. U.S. 944.6 937.7 6.9 3. Germany 531.2 743.9 (212.7) 4. U.K. 487.0 515.6 (28.6) Principal U.S. Exports to Pakistan for Calendar Year 1993 (in millions of US $) Rank Tariff Item # Description Value 1 1001 Wheat and meslim 139.19 2 3100 Fertilizers, including other crude materials 87.95 3 8803 Parts of balloons, etc., aircraft, spacecraft, etc. 71.02 4 1507 Soybean oil & its fractions, not chemically modified 39.52 5 2710 Oil (not crude) from petroleum and bituminous minerals, etc. 34.90 Principal U.S. Imports from Pakistan for Calendar Year 1993 (in millions of US $) Rank Tariff Item # Description Value 1 4203 Articles of Apparel & accessories, leather & comp leather 85.63 2 6302 Bed linen, table linen, toilet linen, kitchen linen 76.48 3 6410 Sweaters, pullovers, vests, etc., knit or crocheted 75.63 4 6405 Men's or boy's shirts, knitted or crocheted 59.43 5 9081 Medical, surgical, dental, veterinary instruments (no electric parts) 43.75 Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce Data