VIII. TRADE AND PROJECT FINANCING BANKING SYSTEM Participants in the Norwegian banking market vary from large full-service banks active in both the wholesale and retail sectors to small private institutions. There are also a range of savings banks, and the post office runs a giro system. The banking system, i.e., the actual payment system, is highly automated and computerized. Banking activities are regulated by the Commercial Banking Act, the Savings Bank Act and the Act on Financing and Finance Institutions. Recent liberalization of regulations now permits foreign banks. The Bank of Norway (the central bank) is a joint stock company where the government has all the shares. It is the executive and advisory entity for monetary, credit and exchange policy. It is the sole bank of currency issue. Commercial banks enjoy a very close relationship with trade and industry. Savings banks have a long tradition in Norway and also cover a substantial part of local credit requirements. Merchant banks have not achieved the same position in Norway that they enjoy in some countries. This is partly because of the market dominance by the very large commercial banks, all of which maintain specialist departments covering the r\areas generally regarded as typical of merchant banking. There are special banks for fisheries, agriculture, shipping, industry, house building, and export finance. The state, to varying degrees, participates in all of these. EXCHANGE CONTROLS The Norwegian Kroner (NOK) had been connected to the European currency unit, the ECU, through the European Monetary System (EMS). This was a unilateral connection and other EMS members had no obligations with regard to coordination with Norway. As from December 10, 1992 the NOK has been floating, and the Bank of Norway intervenes in the foreign exchange market when appropriate. In the summer of 1990 all currency and foreign exchange controls were abolished. There are no longer any licensing requirements in force. The only requirement in force is a reporting requirement for international payments and financial transactions. This reporting is generally taken care of by the transaction bank. GENERAL FINANCING AVAILABILITY In principle, all kinds of financing are available to the foreign investor. Overdrafts and mortgages are available from banks, which will also assist in the issuance of such financial instruments as discount bonds, convertible bonds, etc. Financial lease arrangements are supplied by leasing companies. If a leased asset is financed trough funding abroad, a license is required form the Bank of Norway. If the lessee is foreign and the agreement is of a financial character (financial leasing), a license is required. No license is required if the leasing agreement can be said to be operational. Venture capital and merchant banking is not highly developed, but does exist. Under very strict conditions it is possible to obtain fresh capital at the stock exchange. EXPORT FINANCING Eksportfinans A/S finances exports of Norwegian capital goods and services on both market and government supported terms. Their financing programs are designed to promote the sale of Norwegian capital goods and services, and financing is also available to foreign buyers. Eksportfinans A/S Dronning Mauds gt. 15 0250 Oslo, Norway Tel: 22 83 01 00 Fax: 22 83 22 37 Credits on market terms are given for purchases of Norwegian capital goods. Eksportfinans A/S extends credit on market terms at competitive rates, ensuring that the financing is appropriately matched to project requirements in terms of currencies, loan period, interest rates and repayment structure. Eksportfinans A/S administrates a number of trade subsidy schemes on behalf of the Norwegian government. Where exports are involved they are able to offer subsidized fixed-rate loans to most countries. Government supported loans are regulated under the OECD Consensus Agreement. This scheme was introduced to enable Norwegian exporters to match the financing terms offered by foreign competitors. The loans are repayable in equal semi-annual instalments, and the interest rate is fixed for the entire period of the loan. THREE MAJOR NORWEGIAN BANKS Den Norske Bank AS P.O. 1171, Sentrum 0107 Oslo, Norway Tel: 22 48 10 50 Fax: 22 48 27 10 Kredittkassen Middelthunsgt. 17 0368 Oslo, Norway Tel: 22 48 50 00 Fax: 22 48 61 97 Fokus Bank A/S Akersg. 28 0158 Oslo, Norway Tel: 22 86 20 00 Fax: 22 41 10 46